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Considering the Human Element in Chat Reference Interactions
Marie L. Radford
Chair and Professor, Department of Library and Information Science
Rutgers University
May 22, 2020
According to Socrates: “Wisdom Begins in Wonder.” When I’m seeking inspiration for my writing,
research and teaching, I begin by considering what I’m currently wondering about. During this dark
time of the Covid-19 pandemic, social isolation, and physical library closures across NJ, I’ve been
wondering about what is happening in reference services, particularly as many librarians have had to make a quick pivot from
the traditional mix of face-to-face, phone, email, and chat to mainly online communication modes. I’ve had a deep interest
over many years in studying real-time live chat reference, with a particular focus on how to develop quality virtual
relationships when all you have is the written text. Lacking verbal and nonverbal cues, we can’t easily determine someone’s
age, gender, English language proficiency, or if the individual has a disability, etc. Is the person on Ask-a-Librarian chat a
pre-teen student, or a caregiver trying to help with homework? How do we show our smile and openness while responding in
chat?
I started to investigate my question of what is currently happening in live chat reference with a conversation with Laura
Costello, the Virtual Reference Services Librarian at Rutgers University Libraries, and one of our doctoral students. She said
that at Rutgers, the volume of live chat questions has risen sharply since spring break when the University migrated all
classes to online, and the physical library was closed due to the pandemic. This week, even with classes having ended, she
told me that the chat volume continued to be surprisingly high. So, we wondered, is this trend something that is happening all
over the US? What plans/policies did libraries have in place for crisis planning for reference services? Were these adequate?
What changes have taken place in live chat to respond to the pandemic? From the viewpoints of librarians and service users,
have these virtual relationships flourished or languished?
Inspired by these questions, we decided to embark on a nationwide research project to discover what has been going on in
live chat reference. Taking a mixed method approach, from this June to August we aim to interview 25-30 academic librarians
who have direct responsibility for live chat services during the pandemic (including Heads of Reference or Chat Services,
Associate Directors for User Services), as well as survey 250-300 academic librarians (from universities, colleges, and
community colleges) who have been directing or providing chat service since March 2020. Our review of the literature
discovered that a few researchers have already started to document what happened to user services when physical libraries
had to close on very short notice. Hinchliffe and Wolff-Eisenberg (2020) found that the sudden closure of colleges and
universities forced academic libraries to rapidly switch to online only reference. Of course, chat reference is well-adapted to
the online-only environment, although the accelerated transition to fully virtual service delivery required to "flatten the curve"
(Haelle, 2020) made it challenging for libraries to rapidly transform user services.
Our research is theoretically grounded in Goffman’s (1967; 1959) work in relational communication, facework, and impression
management. A good deal of my previous research (e.g., see Connaway and Radford, 2011; Radford, 2006) took this
approach and found that an important goal of live chat reference is building virtual relationships in addition to responding to
information or instructional needs. This work has practical applications, especially in this time of pandemic. When the public,
students, and our library staff are already stressed to the max, te interpersonal dimensions become more important than ever.
My research found that respect, politeness, compassion, and a friendly manner are critical factors in people’s perceptions of
success in all library encounters, but especially so in live chat. My suspicion is that we will find that these relational,
interpersonal elements have become more pronounced when we talk to and survey librarians about their chat services during
social distancing lockdown.
I wonder if the stressors of everyday life (certainly made more intense in the pandemic) will be reflected in what we will find.
Will my suspicion be correct that there have been more difficult encounters, caused by external economic and relationship
woes? Will people under pressure be seeking more reassurance and compassion in virtual reference? How has the move of
all social/interpersonal encounters to online environments impacted the relational aspects of reference? How will this change
affect reference service post-pandemic? Stay tuned to see what we discover when our research concludes this fall. In the
meantime, we all need to look within ourselves for inspiration. It is important to be mindful of self-compassion, as well as
empathy for others, including our library users, in the midst of this unprecedented upheaval in our professional lives and the
unanticipated transformation of library service delivery. The changes to libraries brought by Covid-19 will have an impact on
our practices, and the needs and expectations of our users, far into the future. Indeed, a reference renaissance is occurring
which has been surreptitiously on the rise, now becoming more visible (see Radford, 2012). Investigating these changes will
help our organizations and ourselves to emerge from this time of crisis with new perspectives, enhanced creativity, more
flexible strategies, the wisdom to adapt to future challenges, and the renewed resolve to cultivate excellent virtual
relationships.
Connaway, L. S. & Radford, M. L. (2011). Seeking Synchronicity: Revelations and Recommendations for Virtual Reference.
Dublin, OH: OCLC Research. Available: http://www.oclc.org/reports/synchronicity.en.html and in print.
Haelle, T. (2020). Why everything is closing for Coronavirus: It’s called ‘flattening the curve.’ Forbes. https://www.forbes.co
/sites/tarahaelle /2020/03/13/why-everything-is-closing-for-coronavirus-its-called-flattening-the-curve/#4added966e2b
Hinchliffe, L. J. & Wolff-Eisenberg, C. (2020). First this, now that: A look at 10-Day trends in academic library response to
to-covid19/
Radford, M. L. (Ed.). (2012). Leading the Reference Renaissance: Today’s Ideas for Tomorrow’s Cutting-Edge Services. NY:
Neal-Schuman.
Radford, M. L. (2006, June). Encountering virtual users: A qualitative investigation of interpersonal communication in chat
reference. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57(8), 1046-1059.
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